主办单位:中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所
国际刊号:ISSN 1673-503X
国内刊号:CN 21-1531/P

气象与环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (4): 86-92.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2021.04.012

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

春玉米生长发育、产量和籽粒品质对减量施氮的响应

陈妮娜1,2(),纪瑞鹏1,2,米娜1,2,张淑杰1,2,于文颖1,2,方缘3,张玉书1,2,*()   

  1. 1. 中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所, 辽宁 沈阳 110166
    2. 辽宁省农业气象灾害重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110166
    3. 中国气象局干部培训学院辽宁分院, 辽宁 沈阳 110166
  • 收稿日期:2021-02-02 出版日期:2021-08-30 发布日期:2021-09-10
  • 通讯作者: 张玉书 E-mail:ninachen.yu@163.com;yushuzhang@126.com
  • 作者简介:陈妮娜, 女, 1986年生, 高级工程师, 主要从事农业气象灾害监测预报及防控技术方面的研究, E-mail: ninachen.yu@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    辽宁省重点研发项目指导计划(2019JH8/10200022);辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2021-MS-358);国家自然科学基金项目(41705094);国家自然科学基金项目(41975149);辽宁省气象局科研项目(202118);辽宁省农业攻关及产业化项目(2019JH2/10200018)

Responses of growth, yield, and grain quality to reduced nitrogen application of spring maize

Ni-na CHEN1,2(),Rui-peng JI1,2,Na MI1,2,Shu-jie ZHANG1,2,Wen-ying YU1,2,Yuan FANG3,Yu-shu ZHANG1,2,*()   

  1. 1. Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Disasters, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110166, China
    3. Liaoning Branch of Cadre Training Institute of China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China
  • Received:2021-02-02 Online:2021-08-30 Published:2021-09-10
  • Contact: Yu-shu ZHANG E-mail:ninachen.yu@163.com;yushuzhang@126.com

摘要:

针对当前东北地区过量施氮的问题,研究减量施氮对春玉米生长发育、产量及籽粒品质的影响,对优化氮肥的科学管理技术,促进春玉米生产绿色高效发展具有重要意义。本研究以丹玉405为试验材料,通过大田播种的方式,以农民习惯性施氮量为对照,设置11.1%、55.5%和100%三个水平减量施氮试验,分析春玉米生长发育、产量和籽粒品质对减量施氮的响应机制。结果表明:玉米苗期,减氮导致生长发育指标(株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、生物量干、鲜重、叶片比重等)均减少,不利于地上部的生长和干物质向叶片分配,随着减氮量的增加,减少幅度增加。苗期以后,适量减氮促进玉米地上部的生长,株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、生物量和叶片占比等生物学性状有增加趋势。适量减氮导致果穗长、果穗粗、百粒重、理论产量、籽粒含水量和淀粉含量增加,籽粒脂肪含量减少,氨基酸和粗蛋白含量呈先增加后减少。随着减氮量的增加,果穗长、果穗粗、百粒重和理论产量增加幅度均减小,籽粒含水量和淀粉含量增加幅度增大,脂肪含量减少幅度减小。减氮11.1%时,果穗长、果穗粗和理论产量增加幅度最大,分别为1.9%、3.7%和11.5%。当施氮量为240 kg·hm-2(减氮11.1%)时,玉米产量达到最大,为945.4 g·m-2,籽粒脂肪含量最少,为2.4 g·100 g-1;氨基酸含量最大,为83.9 μmol·g-1;粗蛋白含量最高,为6.8%。研究结果可为当地的玉米生产提供更加完善的施肥管理,指导农户科学施肥。

关键词: 春玉米, 氮肥, 发育, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

Given the current problem of excessive nitrogen application in Northeast China, studying the effects of reduced nitrogen application on spring maize growth and development, yield, and grain quality were of great significance to optimizing scientific management techniques of nitrogen fertilizer and promoting the green and efficient development of spring maize production. In this study, the Danyu 405 was used as the experimental material, and the farmer's habitual nitrogen application rate was used as the control. Three levels of 11.1%, 55.5%, and 100% nitrogen reduction experiments were conducted. The response mechanisms of yield and grain quality to reduced nitrogen application were analyzed. The results showed that at the seedling stage of maize, nitrogen reduction results in the reduction of growth and development indicators (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, dry and fresh weights of biomass, leaf specific gravity, etc.), which is not conducive to the growth of shoots and the distribution of dry matter to leaves. As the amount of nitrogen reduction increases, the reduction rates increase. After the seedling stage, the appropriate amount of nitrogen reduction promotes the growth of maize shoots, and the biological characteristics such as plant height, stem thickness, leaf area index, biomass, and leaf proportion have an increasing trend. A moderate amount of nitrogen reduction results in an increase in ear length, ear thickness, 100-kernel weight, theoretical yield, grain water content, and starch content, and a decrease in grain fat content, as well as a first increase then decrease in amino acid and crude protein content. With the increase in nitrogen reduction, the increased amplitudes in ear length, ear thickness, 100-kernel weight, and theoretical yield all decrease, and those in grain water content and starch content increase, and the decreased amplitude in fat content decreases. When the nitrogen application rate is 240 kg·hm-2 which is reduced by 11.1%, the increase rates of ear length, ear thickness, theoretical yield reach peak values which are 1.9%, 3.7%, and 11.5%, respectively, and the maize yield reaches the maximum i. e. 945.4 g·m-2, while the fat content of the grain i. e. 2.4 g·100 g-1 is the least, the amino acid content i. e. 83.9 μmol·g-1 is the largest and the crude protein content i. e. 6.8% is the highest. The research results provide more complete fertilization management for local corn production and guidance for farmers to apply fertilizer scientifically.

Key words: Spring maize, Nitrogen fertilizer, Growth, Yield, Quality

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