Abstract: Based on the daily meteorological data (1961-2023) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) remote sensing data (2000-2023) in the northeastern Guizhou region, this study systematically analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of 16 extreme climate indices and their impacts on NDVI. The results showed that: from 1961 to 2023, extreme temperatures in the northeastern Guizhou region warmed significantly and extreme precipitation increased consistently; both types of indices exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics, with most mutations concentrated after the 1980s, and their periodic characteristics were mostly dominated by a main period of 37 a. From 2000 to 2023, the annual NDVI in the northeastern Guizhou region showed an overall fluctuating upward trend, with an average value of 0.81. Warm indices such as TX90p and WSDI had a significant positive correlation with NDVI, while cold indices such as TN10p and CSDI had a significant negative correlation with NDVI. Among the extreme precipitation indices, all indices except CWD were mainly positively correlated with NDVI. The explanatory power of extreme temperature indices on NDVI was higher than that of extreme precipitation indices, among which TNn and TX90p exerted the strongest influences. Furthermore, the synergistic effect among extreme climate indices was significantly higher than that of individual indices.