主办单位:中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所
国际刊号:ISSN 1673-503X
国内刊号:CN 21-1531/P

气象与环境学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (3): 59-67.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2017.03.008

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

上海地区空气污染变化特征及其气象影响因素

陈镭1,2,3, 马井会1,2,3, 甄新蓉1,2,3, 曹钰1,2,3   

  1. 1. 长三角环境气象预报预警中心, 上海 200030;
    2. 上海市环境气象中心, 上海 200030;
    3. 上海市健康重点实验室, 上海 200030
  • 收稿日期:2016-03-22 修回日期:2016-08-24 出版日期:2017-06-30 发布日期:2017-06-30
  • 作者简介:陈镭,女,1984年生,工程师,主要从事环境气象预报业务和技术研究,E-mail:yuhuashi19840414@163.com。
  • 基金资助:
    中国气象局预报员专项(CMAYBY2014-022)、中国气象局气候变化专项(CCSF201503)、上海市科研计划项目(14DZ1202904)和上海市气象局科技开发项目(MS201212)共同资助。

Variation characteristics and meteorological influencing factors of air pollution in Shanghai

CHEN Lei1,2,3, MA Jing-hui1,2,3, ZHEN Xin-rong1,2,3, CAO Yu1,2,3   

  1. 1. Yangtze River Delta Center for Environmental Meteorology Prediction and Warning, Shanghai 200030, China;
    2. Shanghai Center for Environmental Meteorology, Shanghai 200030, China;
    3. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health, Shanghai 200030, China
  • Received:2016-03-22 Revised:2016-08-24 Online:2017-06-30 Published:2017-06-30

摘要: 利用2013—2014年上海地区6种空气污染物小时浓度和逐日空气质量分指数(IAQI)的监测资料,统计分析了上海地区空气污染的变化特征及其气象影响因子。结果表明:2014年上海地区空气质量优良率达77.0%,空气质量总体较2013年明显好转。2013—2014年上海地区AQI具有季节性特征,表现为冬季空气质量较差、秋季空气质量较好的特征,其中12月空气质量最差。由首要污染物分布可知,上海地区最主要的污染物为PM2.5,其中冬季PM2.5污染出现最多;O3则为夏季的主要污染物。由污染物浓度的周循环变化可知,上海地区PM2.5、PM10、NO2和O3浓度均存在周末低于工作日的“周末效应”,但PM10和NO2浓度的“周末效应”更显著。由2014年上海地区霾日与PM2.5浓度的变化可知,当PM2.5浓度达到轻度及以上污染时,霾天气出现的概率大幅提高,但二者并非对应的关系。天气形势对PM2.5污染影响较大,基于上海地区天气形势特点可以将PM2.5污染的地面形势分为7种类型,其中高压中心型和高压楔型为PM2.5污染的主要天气型。由于上海地区冬季冷空气活动频繁,西北风将上游地区颗粒物输送至本地,易造成较严重的污染天气;同时在冷高压的控制下,高压中心型和高压楔型天气频繁出现,导致颗粒物不易扩散,也易造成空气污染。夏季和秋季在副热带高压的控制下,水平和垂直扩散条件均较好,不易出现PM2.5污染,但由于气温较高,光照条件较好,易出现O3污染。

关键词: 空气污染, 霾, 首要污染物, 周末效应, 天气型

Abstract: Observational data of hourly concentrations and individual daily air quality indexes (IAQI) for six air pollutants during 2013 and 2014 over Shanghai were used to analyze the variation characteristics and meteorological influencing factors over Shanghai.The results show that the good to excellent rate of atmospheric environment quality was 77.0% in 2014,obviously higher than that in 2013.The air qualities in the two years varied seasonally,apparently worse in winter,especially in December with the highest AQI,while better in autumn.According to the variations of primary pollutants,PM2.5 was the dominant contributor to the air qualities of Shanghai and its pollution mostly appears in winter,whereas O3 was the major pollutant in summer.The concentrations of PM2.5,PM10,NO2 and O3 over Shanghai are all lower during the weekends than those during the weekdays,especially for PM2.5 and NO2.Haze days appeared much more frequently in the case that the PM2.5 concentrations are beyond the moderate pollution level,but there is no one-to-one relationship.Since weather patterns influence PM2.5 pollution significantly,the ground-level patterns can be divided into seven types,among which Type High Pressure Center and Type High Pressure Wedge are the dominate patterns.Due to the frequent cold air activities in winter,particles from upwind directions are transported to Shanghai under the northwest wind,leading to severe pollution.In addition,Type High Pressure Center and Type High Pressure Wedge weathers appear frequently under the control of Cold High,causing air pollution due to poor diffusion.During summer and autumn under control of the Subtropical High,the better horizontal and vertical diffusions are favorable to the removal of PM2.5 pollution,but it is favorable to the O3 pollution due to high temperature and sufficient sunlight conditions.

Key words: Air pollution, Haze, Primary pollutant, Weekend effect, Synoptic system type

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