Fig.1

Basic reflectivity (a) and radial velocity (b) from the Chaoyang radar at 13:35, basic reflectivity (c), radial velocity (d) as well as basic reflectivity (e) and radial velocity (f) at the 0.5° angle of elevation from the Shenyang radar at 13:51, basic reflectivity (g) and radial velocity (h) from the Shenyang radar at 14:07 on June 1, 2023"

Fig.2

Path map of the Fuxin tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.3

Aerial photography (a) and the funnel cloud captured over the coal factory in Fuxin (b) for the Fuxin tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.4

Aerial photography of the inspection workshop pass by the tornado and moving path of the Fuxin tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.5

Funnel cloud captured over xihuang village of Fuxin (a) of aerial photography of fallen trees (b), damaged building windows (c), collapsed wall (d), and bent iron lamppost (e) for the Fuxin tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.6

Path map by aerial photography for the twin tornadoes in Faku on June 1, 2023 (a), and the corresponding screenshot from recorded video (b), broken poplar branches (c), and damaged chicken coop roof (d)"

Fig.7

Path map (a), video screenshot (b) and aerial photography (c) for the Kangping tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.8

Damage path derived from Google satellite images (a) and screenshot from surveillance video at Lijia reservoir (b) for the Kaiyuan tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.9

Images of roof damage to houses in Beishan village (a), broken poplar trees near Lijia reservoir (b), damaged walls of houses in Chaijiawopeng village (c), orthophoto of the tornado path (d), and fallen trees east of the Jingha high-speed railway (e) for the Kaiyuan tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.10

Cycloidal marks of fallen poplar trees east of Lijia reservoir (a), damaged poplar trees north of Xin′anpu village (b), near-circular cycloidal mark west of Lijia reservoir (c), and the tornado cycloidal model[31, 35] (d) for the Kaiyuan tornado on June 1, 2023"

Fig.11

Orthophoto of tornado traces east of Lijia reservoir (a), the cycloidal trace models by Fujita [12] (b) and Lewllen and Zimmerman [36] (c) for the Kaiyuan tornado on June 1, 2023"