雨养作物产量差研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2018.06.017

气象与环境学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 140-147.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2018.06.017

雨养作物产量差研究进展

米娜¹, 蔡福¹, 张玉书¹, 赵一俊², 张淑杰¹, 纪瑞鹏¹, 王阳³, 王贺然³, 隋明⁴

1. 中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所, 辽宁沈阳 110166;
2. 盘锦市气象服务中心, 辽宁盘锦 124010;
3. 辽宁省气象科学研究所, 辽宁沈阳 110166;
4. 抚顺市气象局, 辽宁抚顺 113001

收稿日期:2018-01-29 修回日期:2018-03-29 出版日期:2018-12-31 发布日期:2018-12-31
通讯作者: 纪瑞鹏,E-mail:jiruipeng@163.com。 E-mail:jiruipeng@163.com
作者简介:米娜,女,1979年生,副研究员,主要从事农业气象学研究,E-mail:mina7921@126.com。
基金资助:
中央公益性科研院所基本科研业务费重点项目（2016SYIAEZD1）、国家自然科学基金面上项目（41775110）、中国气象局气候变化专项（CCSF201609）和辽宁省重点研发计划指导计划项目（2017210001）共同资助。

Advanced in research on rainfed crop yield gaps

MI Na¹, CAI Fu¹, ZHANG Yu-shu¹, ZHAO Yi-jun², ZHANG Shu-jie¹, JI Rui-peng¹, WANG Yang³, WANG He-ran³, SUI Ming⁴

1. Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China;
2. Panjin Meteorological Service Center, Panjin 124010, China;
3. Liaoning Institute of Meteorological Service, Shenyang 110166, China;
4. Fushun Meteorological Service, Fushun 113001, China

Received:2018-01-29 Revised:2018-03-29 Online:2018-12-31 Published:2018-12-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本文从雨养作物产量差大小、产量差的解释因素、缩小产量差的途径等方面综述了近10 a，特别是近5 a雨养作物产量差研究最新进展，回顾了雨养潜在产量、实际产量、雨养作物产量差的概念、内涵及研究方法，对最新研究提出的作物系统潜在产量与作物系统产量差概念也进行了阐述。根据潜在产量获取方法的不同，可以将产量差分为基于模型的产量差、基于试验的产量差和基于农户的产量差。作物系统产量潜力是指单位面积土地在单位时间内多种作物组合的最高产量，作物系统产量差是指现有的作物系统实际产量与作物系统潜在产量的差值。产量差的解释因素可以分为五类，包括气候因素、土壤因素、作物和农场管理因素、农场特征因素和社会经济因素。缩小雨养作物产量差应主要围绕三大领域，即育种、遗传学与生理学研究；品种选择、播种日期、播种密度、施肥量、杂草与病虫害管理等优化措施；提高土壤质量（如土壤酸碱度、土壤紧实度、土壤有机碳含量等状况的改善）。无论是发达国家还是发展中国家的雨养农业区，均存在提升作物平均产量的空间（产量差从0.5-5 t·ha^-1不等）。未来中国雨养作物产量差的研究应进一步致力于基于多作物模型模拟方法的产量差研究；基于不同降水年型的作物产量差分析；以及作物系统产量潜力与产量差研究。

关键词: 产量潜力, 产量差, 作物系统, 集合模拟, 产量差解释因素

Abstract: This paper reviewed the latest 10 years',especially the latest 5 years',advances in research on rainfed crop yield gaps from the respects of the size of yield gap between average and rainfed potential yields,yield gap explaining factors and possible methods regarding reducing the gap.The definitions and measurements of water-limited yield potential,average yield,and yield gap were also summarized.In addition,yield potentials and yield gaps at the cropping system level released from the latest research were also introduced in this paper.According to the different methods used to measure yield potential,the yield gaps can be grouped to model-based yield gap,experiment-based yield gap,and farmer-based yield gap.The cropping system yield potential was defined as the output from the combination of crops that gives the highest energy yield per unit of land and time,and the copping system yield gap as the difference between actual energy yield of an existing cropping system and the cropping system yield potential.Yield gap explaining factors were grouped into five main categories,comprising the climate factors,the edaphic factors,the crop and farm management factors,the farm characteristics and the socio-economic factors.There are three broad areas for closing yield gap in rainfed grain crops in the future and they are breeding,genetics and physiology,tactical managements including decisions of cultivar,sowing date,planting population,fertilizer rates,weed,and pest control methods etc.,strategic management revolving around soil improvement (such as amelioration of acidity,soil compaction and low SOC).There is still substantial room (from about 0.5 to over 5 t ha^-1) to increase the average yield of crops in rainfed systems in both developed and developing regions.In the future,a subsequent study of crop yield gap should focus on the multi-model ensembles of yield gap analysis,climate-pattern based yield gap analysis,and yield gaps at the cropping system level.

Key words: Yield potential, Yield gap, Cropping system, Ensemble modeling, Yield gap explaining factors

中图分类号:

米娜, 蔡福, 张玉书, 赵一俊, 张淑杰, 纪瑞鹏, 王阳, 王贺然, 隋明. 雨养作物产量差研究进展[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2018, 34(6): 140-147.

MI Na, CAI Fu, ZHANG Yu-shu, ZHAO Yi-jun, ZHANG Shu-jie, JI Rui-peng, WANG Yang, WANG He-ran, SUI Ming. Advanced in research on rainfed crop yield gaps[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 2018, 34(6): 140-147.

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http://www.jme1984.net.cn/CN/Y2018/V34/I6/140

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雨养作物产量差研究进展

Advanced in research on rainfed crop yield gaps

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