地形云催化增雨试验研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2022.04.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地形云作为最具有前景和可行的人工影响云系，受到人工影响天气工作者和研究人员的关注。本文分析了国内外地形云催化增雨野外科学试验的历史进程，总结了野外科学试验中取得的成果，梳理了在地形云催化增雨试验中需关注的几个关键科学问题，包括对地形云自然降水过程的分析、地形云系统中过冷水在云内的分布、山地云系的微物理过程演变特征及其与中尺度动力结构的关联，介绍了宁夏开展地形云野外科学试验的实践，提出了加快地形云催化野外科学试验，提高地形云云水资源开发利用的对策及建议。为解决中国西北地区干旱问题，推动黄河流域生态环境保护及高质量发展提供了一种思路。

关键词: 地形云, 人工影响天气, 催化试验

Abstract:

As the most promising and feasible artificial influence cloud system, topographic clouds have been paid much attention by weather modification practitioners and researchers.In this paper, the historical process of field scientific experiments of topographic cloud catalytic precipitation enhancement at home and abroad were analyzed.The results obtained from the field scientific experiments are summarized.Several key scientific issues that need to be followed in the topographic cloud catalytic precipitation enhancement experiment are sorted out, including the analysis of the natural precipitation process of the topographic cloud, the distribution of supercooled water among the cloud in the topographic cloud system, and the evolution characteristics of the microphysical process of the mountain cloud system and its relationship with the mesoscale dynamic structure.The practice of carrying out topographic cloud field scientific experiments in Ningxia is introduced.The countermeasures and suggestions for accelerating the field scientific experiment of topographic cloud catalysis and improving the development and utilization of topographic cloud resources are put forward.It provides a way of thinking to solve the drought problem in the northwest region and promote the ecological environment protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.

Key words: Topographic clouds, Weather modification, Seeding experiment

中图分类号:

P481

常倬林,朱浩然,李得勤,田磊,党张利. 地形云催化增雨试验研究进展[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2022, 38(4): 145-152.

Zhuo-lin CHANG,Hao-ran ZHU,De-qin LI,Lei TIAN,Zhang-li DANG. Research progress on the scientific experiment of topographic cloud catalytic precipitation enhancement[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 2022, 38(4): 145-152.

图/表 1

表1

国际主要地形云催化降雨外场试验一览表"

序号	时间	地区	试验项目	简称	解决的科学问题
1	1951年、1952年、1955年	美国加利福尼亚州	塞拉波项目(Sierra Wave Project)	—	研究山区背风波现象，结合高密度地基和机载观测研究中尺度现象
2	1970年	美国科罗拉多州	背风波试验(Colorado Lee Wave Experiment)	—	研究背风波形成机理等
3	1960—1970年	美国克里马克斯	克里马克斯计划(Climax Project)	Climax I、Climax II	研究人工影响地形云的可能性、确定可播性的标准，提出作业方案
4	1969—1974年	喀斯喀特山脉	喀斯喀特计划(Cascade Project)	Cascade	研究冬季云和降水的结构、机制及人工催化对云和降水的影响
5	1982年	阿尔卑斯山脉	阿尔卑斯山脉试验(Alpine Experiment)	ALPEX	研究背风坡气旋生成、山地—大气动量输送、重力波
6	1982—1983年	美国	美国冬季地形云增雨试验	SCCP-1	研究对地形云局部人工增雨催化技术
7	1990年	比利牛斯山脉	比利牛斯山脉试验(Pyrenees Experiment)	PYREX	研究提高对风场的认识，定量测量了地表和高空湍流
8	1993年、1995年	新西兰	南阿尔卑斯山脉试验(Southern Alps Experiment)	SALPEX	研究山脉对降雨、降雪、融雪、积雪的强度及分布的影响
9	1997—1998年	美国加利福尼亚州	加利佛尼亚地形增雨试验(California Landfalling Jets Experiment)	CALJET	利用海岸风廓线仪研究加州沿海山区的地形降雨
10	1999年	阿尔卑斯山脉	中尺度阿尔卑斯山脉试验(Mesoscale Alpine Project)	MAP	研究山地降水、三维环流系统和有关气象灾害
11	2006年	美国加利福尼亚州	加利福尼亚山地影响试验(Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment)	T-REX	研究山脉的波动和数值特征
12	2007年	德国北部	对流和地形引发降水研究(Convective and Orographically Induced Precipitation Study)	COPS	研究中尺度集合模型中深对流降水的起源
13	2010—2011年	美国犹他州	冷池研究试验(Persistent Cold-Air Pool Study)	PCAPS	研究热带由山体激发的对流和降水的动力强迫物理机制
14	2011年	多米尼加	多米尼加试验(Dominica Experiment)	DOMEX	研究热带地区山地对流降水和观测对模式中对流降水的改进
15	2014年	新西兰	重力波项目(Deep Gravity Wave Project)	DEEPWAVE	研究量化重力波在低空产生的源的演化及与其他波的相互作用
16	2015—2016年	美国华盛顿州	奥林匹克山试验(Olympic Mountains Experiment)	OLYMPEX	研究锋面系统自海洋经过山地时GPM遥感反演降水的有效性

表1

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