Fig.1

Scatter plots of the forecast deviation distribution of centroids for moderate rain (a), heavy rain (b), and rainstorm (c) areas in frontal regions of South China from 2018 to 2020"

Fig.2

Location distributions of observed (a) and forecasted (b) front rainfall areas centroid in the South China from 2018 to 2020"

Table 1

Average deviation of the forecasted centroids for front rainfall areas at various lead times in the South China from 2018 to 2020"

Fig.3

Variations of meridional and zonal deviations of forecasting front moderate rain (a), heavy rain (b), and rainstorm (c) area centroids with lead times of 24~96 h in the South China from 2018 to 2020"

Fig.4

Scatter plots of the forecast deviation distribution of moderate rain (a), heavy rain (b), and rainstorm (e) area centroids in warm sector of the South China from 2018 to 2020"

Table 2

Average deviation of forecasting area centroids for warm areas at various lead times in the South China from 2018 to 2020"

Fig.5

Distributions of observed (a) and forecasted (b) rainfall from 20:00 on March 21 to 20:00 on March 22, observed (c) and forecasted (d) sea level pressure, and observed (e) and forecasted (f) wind field at 925 hPa at 08:00 on March 22, 2022"

Fig.6

Variation of TS scores before and after the deviation correction of the EC centroid forecast for frontal heavy rain in Guangdong province on March 22, 2022"

Fig.7

Distributions of observed (a) and forecasted (b) rainfall from 20:00 on May 11 to 20:00 on May 12 and observed (c) and forecasted (d) wind field at 850 hPa on 08:00 on May 12, 2022"

Fig.8

Variation of TS scores before and after deviation correction of the EC centroid forecast for warm-area rainstorm in Guangdong province on May 12, 2022"