Table of Content

28 February 2012, Volume 28 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Numerical simulations on directly and indirectly climatic effects of aerosol based on regional climate model version 3 (RegCM3) XU Meng-liu,YIN Yan 2012, 28 (1):  1-10.  Abstract ( 724 )   PDF (4374KB) ( 718 )   Save Based on the regional climate model version 3 (RegCM3) and emission inventory data from Streets in 2006, the indirect climatic effect module was inducted into the RegCM3. Cloud precipitation scheme was ameliorated. The temporal and spatial distributions of the sulfate aerosol and radiative forcing were simulated. The results indicate that the seasonal variation of radiative forcing of the sulfate aerosol is significant. For temperature, the direct climatic effect leads to the surface temperature decreased. The areas with large forcing appear in the Sichuan Basin in winter and spring and in the plains of the north China in summer, respectively. For precipitation, the direct climatic effect causes precipitation reduced along the belt of the water vapor transport across southwest to northeast. The indirect climate effect is to increase temperature in the south and decrease in north, while it decreases the precipitation in the Pearl River valley and the Yellow River valley and increases in the Yangtze River valley and the northeast China. In general, the direct climate effect is stronger than the indirect effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Restoration of vegetation and soil in degradated wetland of the Yellow River delta ZHENG Ming-xi,XIE Fu-ju,HOU Chuan-mei 2012, 28 (1):  11-16.  Abstract ( 771 )   PDF (792KB) ( 736 )   Save In order to explore the ecological effects of the water diversion project to restore the degradated wetland in the Yellow River delta, the species composition, density, coverage, frequency and important values were investigated and the soil properties such as soil water contents, pH, organic matter, the total nitrogen and the total phosphor etc. were measured with experimental methods in restored areas and the unrestored areas respectively. The results show that the vegetation community has developed towards the positive succession with the improvement of the water condition. The soil water contents and the soil organic matter contents are higher in the restored areas than in the unrestored areas, while the soil pH is reduced. The soil total nitrogen content and the total phosphorus content are not changed significantly. The ecological environment of the degradated wetland is improved to some extent through the diversion project, and the fresh water resource is still the dominant factor to restore the degradated wetland. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis of dynamical conditions on snowstorm in February of 2009 over Liaoning province JIANG Da-kai ,QIAO Xiao-shi ,ZHANG Ning-na ,ZHU Tian-hua 2012, 28 (1):  17-23.  Abstract ( 777 )   PDF (2082KB) ( 537 )   Save Based on the conventionally observational data and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the main weather systems (a shear line at 850 hPa) of snowstorm on February 12-13, 2009 and their evolution were analyzed. The results show that the strong snowfall center is located in the southeast side of shear line in the middle and western Liaoning province and near warm front of the top of Jianghuai cyclone. A shear line is related to a positive vortex area. The positive vortex belt is integrated and developed and moved to east, which influences the development and movement of shear lines. The positive vortex center at 850 hPa appears in advance of the snowstorm, which is significant for prediction. The dynamical mechanism of the generation and development of positive vortex belt and its center are influenced by the total vortex sources. Compared with vortex, vortex variability could reflect accurately and well ahead  the physical process of generation and development of snowstorm shear line. The vertical transportation of vortex and divergence effect of absolute vortex contribute significantly to the positive vortex variability, and the divergence effect of absolute vortex is the primary forcing source of the positive vortex variability. The decreasing positive vortex variability is mainly from twisting factor, which suppresses the development of snow. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of diurnal temperature range and its influencing factors from 1873 to 2009 in Shanghai ZHOU Yu,SHI Jun,SUN Guo-wu,DONG Guang-tao 2012, 28 (1):  24-30.  Abstract ( 816 )   PDF (896KB) ( 1241 )   Save Based on the meteorological observation data from 11 weather stations from 1873 to 2009 in Shanghai, the arctic oscillation indices from 1951 to 2009 and the Siberian high intensity data from 1873 to 2000, the temporal changes of diurnal temperature range (DTR), the abnormal changes of atmospheric circulation, the changes of other meteorological elements and the effects of urbanization development on DTR were analyzed. The results indicate that the DTR decreases significantly in the past 137 years in Shanghai, and the rate is 0.15 ℃ per 10 years. The seasonal diurnal temperature ranges are also in decreasing trends. The maximum and minimum decreasing rates of diurnal temperature ranges occur in autumn and winter, respectively. The arctic oscillation indices change from the negative phase to the positive phase in recent 60 years, while the Siberian high intensity is from the positive anomaly to the negative anomaly in recent 130 years. As a result, the increasing amplitude of the minimum temperature is higher than that of the maximum temperature, which leads to decrease of DTR. The DTR is in a positive correlation with sunshine duration and in a negative correlation with precipitation in four seasons and the whole year. The effect of urbanization on the decrease of DTR is significant. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-temporal distributions of gale days and its effects on dust weather in He’nan province JI Xing-jie,ZHU Ye-yu,GU Wan-long,ZHANG Gui-long,MIAO Dong 2012, 28 (1):  31-37.  Abstract ( 1168 )   PDF (1318KB) ( 1155 )   Save Based on the observational data from 110 weather stations from 1971 to 2009 in He’nan province, the spatial-temporal distributions of gale days and the relationship between gale days and sand-dust days were analyzed. The results show that the annual mean gale days decrease significantly with the rate of 2.2 d/decade in recent 39 years, so are the seasonal mean gale days and the rates are 0.8 d/decade in spring, 0.6 d/decade a in winter, 0.4 d/decade in autumn and 0.3 d/decade in summer. For the annual scale and seasonal scale, the inter-decadal gale days decrease in He’nan province. The gale weather mainly occurs in spring and winter, and the number of gale days in these two seasons can account for 40.8% of that for the whole year. For the monthly gale days, the maximum occurs in April and the minimum appears in September, and their percentages are 15.5% and 1.9%, respectively. The spatial distributions of annual mean gale days are related to the topography in He’nan province. The gale weather often occurs in the southeast of Taihang Mountains and the middle-northern regions of Henan province where the elevation changes from lower to higher. Whereas it seldom occurs in the eastern regions where the topography is flat and the western regions where there are a lot of mountains and the elevation is relatively high. The annual mean blowing sand days and sand-dust storm days decrease significantly with the rates of 0.4 d/dec and 0.3 d/dec from 1971 to 2009, and both are in significantly positive correlations with gale days based on Pearson’s correlation analysis and the correlation coefficients are 0.88 and 0.75 respectively. The annual variations of gale days could influence the sand-dust weather, and the decrease of gale days is the main reasons causing the decrease of sand-dust weather in He’nan province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Circulation background of thunderstorm day anomaly in Shantou, Guangdong province GAN Qing-hui,XU Wei,TANG Qiang 2012, 28 (1):  38-42.  Abstract ( 915 )   PDF (1146KB) ( 676 )   Save Based on the daily thunderstorm data and the monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1951 to 2010 in Shantou, the climate characteristics of thunderstorm day and circulation background of thunderstorm day anomaly were analyzed. The results indicate that the thunderstorm day mainly appears from April to September, especially in June. It is in a decreasing trend in recent 60 years, and there is an abrupt change in 1978. The thunderstorm day has multi-scale oscillations, and the main cycle is 25 years. The anomalies of ridge at the Baikal Lake, northern trough, southern trough and subtropical high at 500 hPa result in the abnormal circulation systems of thunderstorm day, and the changes of these systems are contrary in more and fewer years of thunderstorm days. The vapor transportation to Shantou from the subtropical western Pacific and the Bay of Bengal is strong at 850 hPa in more years of thunderstorm days, while it is contrary in fewer years of thunderstorm days. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-time scale characteristics of drought and flood based on Z index in Hebei province WANG Hong,YU Jin-hua, LI Zong-tao,ZHOU He-ling 2012, 28 (1):  43-47.  Abstract ( 844 )   PDF (1057KB) ( 824 )   Save Based on the precipitation data from 73 weather stations in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province from 1961 to 2009, the characteristics of drought and flood were analyzed with methods of a trend analysis and a wavelet analysis. The results indicate that Z index of the annual precipitation is in a decreasing trend in recent 49 years and there exists multi-time scale characteristics. The cycles are 7years, 9 years and 15 years. Z index of summer precipitation is also in a decreasing trend and its cycle is 15 years, while Z indices of other seasons are in increasing trends and the significant cycles are 10-11 years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Drought changes of critical period of crop growth in Heilongjiang province based on CI index LIU Yu-lian,YU Hong-min 2012, 28 (1):  48-54.  Abstract ( 756 )   PDF (758KB) ( 695 )   Save Based on the daily meteorological data from 1961 to 2008, the meteorological drought comprehensive index (CI) was calculated, and the changes of drought frequency and drought intensity during the critical period of crop growth (from May to August) in Heilongjiang province were analyzed. The results show that the maximum and minimum drought frequencies are 79% and 58% and appear in 1960 and 1980, respectively. The position of drought center seldom changes, and most are located in the southwestern Songnen plains and focus areas move northward. The largest drought intensity occurs in 1960, then in 2000, and the larger areas of drought intensity are steadily located in the southwest Songnen plains and the middle and eastern Sanjiang plains. The drought has been frequent and intensity has increased during the critical periods of crop growth since 2000, especially in the north regions. In the past, drought event is seldom in the Sanjiang plains, but now it occurs from time to time and the intensity is stronger. Related Articles | Metrics

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Climatic characteristics of haze weather from 1961 to 2008 in Yinchuan LIU Yu-lan, LIANG Pei,LIU Juan,SANG Jian-ren 2012, 28 (1):  55-58.  Abstract ( 925 )   PDF (383KB) ( 793 )   Save Based on the observational data from 1961 to 2008 in Yinchuan, the days of haze weather were analyzed. The results indicate that the days of haze weather are in increasing trends. They increase slowly before 1980s, significantly after 1980s and sharply after 2000. The days of haze weather appear frequently in December, then in November, and least in May, namely, winter > autumn > spring > summer. In general, the duration of haze weather is 1-3 days. 17% haze weather could last 2 days or more, while 1% haze weather could last 5 days or more. The persistent haze weather concentrates from November to February. The haze weather duration is related to its annual change. The haze weather persisting 5 days or more never occurs before 2000 in Yinchuan, while the haze duration extends with the increase of haze days after 2000. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of hydrological and meteorological elements from 1961 to 2009 in the Liaohe River areas LIANG Hong,SUN Feng-hua,SUI Dong 2012, 28 (1):  59-64.  Abstract ( 865 )   PDF (590KB) ( 666 )   Save According to the daily precipitation and air temperature data from five typical meteorological stations from 1961 to 2009 along the Liaohe River areas, the changes in the precipitation trends and air temperature were analyzed with a Mann-Kendall method. The relationship between the daily precipitation and runoff was discussed based on data from 162 precipitation days in summer at Tieling weather station and runoff data at Tieling hydrological station from 2006 to 2010. The results show that the mean annual precipitation tends to decrease, and the years with less precipitation significantly increase because summer precipitation that accounts for 65% of the total precipitation decreases with the rate of 7.4 mm/dec. The annual mean air temperature fluctuates and increases gradually. The ascending trend is significant, especially in winter, then in spring, while it is in a decreasing trend in summer. The change in precipitation trend is small in autumn. The daily precipitation is in a positive correlation with the daily runoff, especially with runoff on the next day after the rainfall. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and validation of NO2 emission source in INTEX-B over China region ZHANG Min,BIAN Hai,HAN Su-qin,ZHANG Hua,CUI Zhen-lei,ZHU Bin 2012, 28 (1):  65-70.  Abstract ( 668 )   PDF (1935KB) ( 973 )   Save The tropospheric NO2 concentrations in China region were simulated by applying INTEX-B emission source to the third-generation air quality modeling system (Model3-CMAQ). The simulation results were compared and validated with the tropospheric NO2 column concentration data from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI). The results indicate that the distributions and seasonal variations of the simulated NO2 concentrations by applying INTEX-B emission source to Model3-CMAQ are consistent with the observational values from the satellite over China region. The sensitivity tests indicate that the effects of industrial emission and power plant emission on NO2 concentrations are the most significant, and the effect of traffic emission is far lower than that of industrial emission and power plant emission. Both emission means are mainly concentrated in developed regions of economy such as Beijing, Tianjin and the Yangtze River delta. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of climate change from 1960 to 2009 in Xianning, Hubei province LIU Meng,QI Shi-hua,YUAN Lin-xi 2012, 28 (1):  71-76.  Abstract ( 881 )   PDF (846KB) ( 812 )   Save Based on the observational data from three meteorological stations in Xianning from 1960 to 2009, the annual, seasonal and inter-decadal variation trends of the main climatic elements such as air temperature and precipitation were analyzed. The results indicate that air temperature is in an increasing trend in recent 50 years in the study area, and the climatic tendency rate is 0.23 ℃/decade. There is an abrupt change in the late of 1990s for the mean annual air temperature. For the seasonal air temperature, the abrupt changes in spring, autumn, summer and winter occur in 2002, 1999, 2006 and 1990 respectively. The changes of the mean air temperature in spring and autumn are consistent. The response of winter air temperature to the global warming is the most sensitive, and then spring and autumn air temperatures, while the response of summer air temperature to the global warming is not sensitive. Precipitation fluctuates in recent 50 years, while its change in trend is not significant. Spring and summer precipitations are in the decreasing trends and the both dominate the changes of annual precipitation, while winter precipitation is in an increasing trend. By comparison of changes in air temperature and precipitation trends, it has been found that the response of these variables to the climate change is the most significant in winter, and the responses in other seasons are not significant. Related Articles | Metrics

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A primary analysis of different algorithms of KDP based on S band dual-polarization Doppler radar HU Peng,HU Ming-bao,ZHANG Cheng-cheng,YANG Jin-wei 2012, 28 (1):  77-81.  Abstract ( 851 )   PDF (1028KB) ( 778 )   Save The KDP value detected by dual-polarization Doppler radar plays an important role in measuring rainfall and classifying hydrometeor. The KDP value was directly obtained from S band dual-polarization Doppler radar signal processor (RVP8) and its calculation process was not shown on the technical introduction, thus it was unfavourable to pretreatment and quality control of data. Three methods calculating KDP values were summarized. According to the observational data, the KDP values calculated by three methods were compared with those from signal processor (RVP8). The results indicate that the error of the KDP value calculated by least square method is the minimum among the three models. The effects of different smoothness distances along the radar radial on the KDP value with least square method are discussed. The relationship between the KDP value detected by radar and precipitation intensity calculated by Z-R relationship is analyzed. It shows that the smoothness distance to 5 km could retain not only the enough smoothness effect but also the enough meteorological information. Moreover, it does not influence the measurement of precipitation. The relationship between the KDP value and precipitation intensity is significant, especially in strong precipitation phase. Thus, the KDP value could be used to estimate precipitation intensity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pollution characteristics of inhalable particles from 2004 to 2010 in Urumqi WEI Yi,MENG Liang,LI Zhao-yang 2012, 28 (1):  82-85.  Abstract ( 713 )   PDF (521KB) ( 687 )   Save According to the monitoring data of air pollutant PM10 in Urumqi from 2004 to 2010, the spatial-temporal characteristics of pollutant concentrations were analyzed. The results show that the spatial-temporal characteristics of pollutant concentrations are obvious. The concentration of PM10 is higher in heating periods than in non-heating periods. The concentration value of PM10 is 2.31 times in heating periods than the national standard (the second level). The pollution index is higher in the south than in the north and middle of Urumqi. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ground temperature characteristics from 1961 to 2010 in Dezhou, Shandong province CHEN Cheng-guo,SHI Hui-lan,WANG Gui-lan,SUN Cui-feng,YANG Li-hou 2012, 28 (1):  86-89.  Abstract ( 634 )   PDF (545KB) ( 663 )   Save Under the environment of global warming, it is important to study the variations of surface temperature and temperature in the different soil layers for the industrial and agricultural production. Based on the ground temperature and the maximum and minimum temperatures on 0 cm soil layer from 1961 to 2010, the ground temperature in 40 cm and 80 cm soil layers from 1961 to 2010, the ground temperature in 160 cm and 320 cm soil layers from 1980 to 2010, the variation trends of temperatures on the ground and in the different soil layers were analyzed with a least square method. The results indicate that temperatures on the ground and in the different soil layers are all in increasing trends. The significant warming appears in winter, while the decreasing trend of temperature is in summer. The increasing trend of the minimum temperature on the ground is the most significant and its ratio is 0.47 ℃/decade, and the maximum ratio is 0.74℃/ decade in winter, while the increasing trend of the maximum temperature on the ground is not significant and its ratio is 0.15 ℃/ decade. The increasing trend of temperature on 0 cm soil layer is 0.27 ℃/ decade; the decreasing and increasing trends of temperature is -0.04 ℃/ decade in summer and 0.51℃/ decade in winter. The variation trends of temperature in 40 cm and 80 cm soil layers are consistent, while their warming amplitudes are lower than that of temperatures on the ground, and in160 cm and 320 cm soil layers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and spatial distribution characteristic of summer drought and flood in the South China from 1960 to 2010 MAO Hai-xiang,WANG Wen 2012, 28 (1):  90-95.  Abstract ( 712 )   PDF (1678KB) ( 957 )   Save Based on the summer precipitation data from 213 stations in the South China from 1960 to 2010, Z index was analyzed. Rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) division was discussed by precipitation anomaly field. Z indices at regionally representative stations were analyzed by methods of a linear trend analysis, a Mann-Kandall analysis and a Morlet wavelet analysis. The results show that summer precipitation area of the South China is mainly divided into five regions by a REOF analysis method. The annual and inter-decadal variations of summer precipitation are significant in five regionally representative stations, and their trends change from arid to wet. The abrupt changes in Yueyang station, Guangzhou station, Lishui station, Xinyang station and Chaohu station appear in 1973, 1993, 1992, 2002 and 1979, respectively. UF values are rising after the abrupt change. The occurrence of drought and flood in five divisions are consistent. Summer precipitation cycles are 2-3 years and 5-6 years in the South China. Related Articles | Metrics