Table of Content

30 June 2012, Volume 28 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Articles

Select

Analysis of tropical cyclone landing in Liaoning province CHEN Chuan-lei,WANG Jiang-shan,JIANG Da-kai,LI Yu-ming,LU Juan,ZHANG Ning-na,TAN Shi-jun,QIAO Xiao-shi 2012, 28 (3):  1-7.  Abstract ( 695 )   PDF (2122KB) ( 718 )   Save Based on the data from Tropical Cyclone Annual and the conventionally meteorological data from 1949 to 2010, source region, moving path, landing sites and strength of the Tropical Cyclone (TC), the impact time after landing in Liaoning province were analyzed. The results indicate that there are 18 tropical cyclones landing in Liaoning province in recent 62 years. 66% of them lands with tropical depression (TD); 61% of them lands between 08:00 to 20:00 o’clock; 78% of the landing TC last about 6-12 hours in Liaoning province; 89% of them made landfall at other places and moved into the Yellow Sea or Bohai Sea before making landfall again in Liaoning province, mostly landing in Dalian; 33% of them weakens and disappears after landing in Liaoning province. The moving paths of TCs are mainly northeastward, northward and northwestward after landing. Based on these analysis and operational needs, the key areas of forecasting are established in terms of the subtropical high, source region and path of tropical cyclones and so on, which could provide the reference for forecasting of tropical cyclones landfall in Liaoning province in future. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the fractal characteristics of size distribution of atmospheric aerosols XU Yan-feng， CHEN Hui， ZHANG Zhi-jun 2012, 28 (3):  8-14.  Abstract ( 921 )   PDF (827KB) ( 1427 )   Save  As one of the important part of the atmospheric environment, the aerosol has a complex structure of size distribution. Fractal theory was applied to study the fractal characteristics of aerosol size distribution. First, it was proved that the functions of aerosol size distribution are of fractal invariance. Then, the fractal statistical models of aerosol particle and volume were established based on the fractal theory, and the validity and practicability were verified by the corresponding data from AERONET. Besides, sub-fractal approach was used to improve the aerosol volume fractal model. Finally, the practical significance of the fractal dimensions and its distributions were analyzed, and the relationship between the fractal dimension and aerosol size distribution was discussed. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the aerosol particle number and volume fractal dimensions. The fluctuation of the large aerosol particle fractal dimensions is smaller in the first half year than in the second half year. The distribution of the fine aerosol particle is concentrative in the study area, while that of the crude aerosol particle is dispersive. The fractal theory has a broad prospect of research and application as it provides a new method for the study of aerosol size distribution characteristics. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Absorption and concentration effects of evergreen species (Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis) to typical pollutants CHU Jian-min，WANG Yan，WANG Qiong，LI Shao-ning，HU Shou-ming，WANG Ye-hong 2012, 28 (3):  15-20.  Abstract ( 681 )   PDF (578KB) ( 658 )   Save Evergreen species of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) and oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) in the urban forest ecosystem were selected in order to determine the absorption and concentration effects of leaves to atmospheric pollutants (SO2, Cl2) and heavy metal pollutants (Cu, Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Cd and Cr) in soil. The results indicate that two evergreen species are of stronger absorption ability to pollutants. The absorption ability is influenced by the environmental pollution extent and types of pollutants in the different seasons. Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) and oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) have a higher absorption ability to S, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg and to Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd in autumn, and their mean concentrations of leaves are 2158.75, 6.31, 31.46, 4.05, 0.08 mg·kg-1 and 4.47, 22.47, 0.09 mg·kg-1,0.20 mg·kg-1, respectively. The absorption and concentration abilities of the two evergreen species to pollutants are different under the different habitat conditions. In pine forest sample site of Shijingshan with serious soil pollution, Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) and oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) can absorb largely SO2 and Cl2, respectively. For the heavy metal pollution, the concentration effects of two evergreen species to Cu, Pb, Cr and As are high. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the remote retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profile based on MODIS infrared data QU Si-miao， LI Guo-chun 2012, 28 (3):  21-24.  Abstract ( 596 )   PDF (569KB) ( 903 )   Save The retrieval algorithm based on an eigenvector regression method was summarized. The vertical distributions of the atmospheric temperature and moisture were retrieved using EOS/MODIS infrared data and were verified along the latitude and pressure altitude with isobaric surface reanalysis field data from NCEP (national centers for environmental prediction). The results indicate that the atmospheric temperature and moisture parameters retrieved by MODIS data can reveal its vertical distributions. The average of root mean square (RMS) errors at each isobaric surface is 3.39 K in middle latitude region and 1.40 K in low latitude region, respectively. The errors are significant near the ground and tropopause region as well as in complicated underlying surface region. In general, temperature retrieval results are better in low latitude regions than in middle latitude regions, so are vapor retrieval results. With the increasing of the height, the error decreases gradually in middle and high latitudes regions and is close to each other. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Comparative analysis of simulation on crop development stage using different phenological models in Northeast China LI Rong-ping，ZHOU Guang-sheng， WANG Xiao-ying，SHI Kui-qiao 2012, 28 (3):  25-30.  Abstract ( 737 )   PDF (517KB) ( 708 )   Save The prediction of crop development stage plays a critical role in agrometeorological service. The simulation results of four crop development models were compared, which can provide significant suggestions for crop development prediction in Northeast China. Based on the meteorological data and the observational data of development stages for maize, rice and soybean, parameters of four models were calculated and validated by both internal and external data using a simulated annealing method. The results show that in the course of parameter localization, the simulating effects of Gao’s Model and Shen’s Model are better, and root mean square errors (RMSE) are 3.31 days and 3.72 days, respectively. In the course of model validation, Shen’s Model has a better simulating effect and average of RMSE is 5.22 days. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Characteristics of energy balance on Horqin meadow during growth season XU Ya-qi，CHEN Ni-na，GAO Xi-ning，GUAN De-xin 2012, 28 (3):  31-36.  Abstract ( 710 )   PDF (989KB) ( 730 )   Save vegetation diversity and climate variability are significant in the meadow ecosystem. Energy balance is important to study the ecological effect in the meadow ecosystem. Based on the observational data from the eddy covariance and conventionally meteorological data, the energy balance characteristics during the growth season of 2010 in Horqin meadow were analyzed by methods of a least squares and a linear regression. The results indicate that the energy balance closure rate of meadow during the growth season is 80.4%, and it means that there is an unclosed phenomenon in the study area. At the same time, the closure rate exceeds the average in similar observational sites, so it can conclude that the observational data from the eddy covariance flux measurements are reliable. The diurnal albedo decreases firstly then increases and the minimum value appears at noon; the albedo value fluctuates between 0.040 and 0.120 during the growth season and average is 0.061. In general, it also decreases firstly and then increases. The ratio between net radiation (Rn) and solar radiation (Q) is 0.386, and both are positively linear correlated. Latent heat flux is the main energy expenditure in Horqin meadow, and follows by sensible heat flux. Daily variations of energy balance components and net radiation are same with a single peak; their values increase after sunrise and decrease after reaching the maximum at noon; both peak values and their appearing time are different slightly. The order of ratios that each component account for net radiation under two typical weather conditions is the same with that of averages during the growing season. The variation trends of each component and net radiation are same with a single peak on sunny day, while those are not significant on cloudy day. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Characteristics of soil temperature and soil heat flux from 2006 to 2010 in the lower reach of the Liaohe River plain JIANG Zheng-de，SUN Yi，FAN Yue-ling，YANG Ming，ZHENG Li-chen 2012, 28 (3):  37-43.  Abstract ( 691 )   PDF (956KB) ( 718 )   Save Based on the monitoring data from the national agroecosystems field research station in Shenyang from 2006 to 2010, the soil temperature from 0 cm to 100 cm soil layer was divided into 8 layers (0 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 100 cm) and the characteristics of each soil layer were analyzed. The relationships between soil temperature in 0-100 cm soil layer and its extreme value, soil temperature in 0-20 cm soil layer, and air temperature were discussed. At same time, the trends of soil heat flux were analyzed. The results indicate that for inter-annual variation, the soil temperature in 8 soil layers and its extreme value are in the decreasing trends. Soil temperature on 0 cm soil layer is largely influenced by the outside environment. The trends of soil temperature in 0-20 cm soil layer and air temperature are consistent at annual scale in the study area. Air temperature during the growth season could be divided into two stages, i.e. the ascending stage from April to July and the descending stage from August to October. The linear fitness between soil temperature in 0-20 cm soil layer and air temperature is respectively carried out in two stages, and it is compared with the linear fitness during the growth season from April to October. The linear correlation is significant. The inter-annual variations of soil heat flux are large because of the influence of air temperature and soil water content. Soil heat flux exceeds 0 MJ·m-2 on the annual scale, so soil surface is the heat sink in the study area. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Retrieval of land surface temperature and its spatial distribution in Liaoning province based on multi-source remote sensing data JIANG Peng JI Rui-peng，FENG Rui，WU Jin-wen，YU Wen-ying，WANG Hong-bo，ZHAO Zi-qi，ZHANG Yu-shu 2012, 28 (3):  44-48.  Abstract ( 752 )   PDF (1051KB) ( 720 )   Save Based on the long wave radiation data from FY-3A/MERSI and MODIS data with 1 km resolution, the land surface temperatures (LST) in 10 sunny days or local sunny days from April to September in 2009 and 2010 were retrieved using a generalized single-channel method in Liaoning province. The results indicate that the verified accuracy of model is consistent with that of MODIS LST products from NASA, and the values of LST agree well with the observational values from 56 weather stations. The retrieval of LST is more reliable because of the combination of multi-source remote sensing data. The difference of LST is significant in the different land use/cover types in the same time. The correlations between LST and NDVI in forest, paddy field, dry land and building are negative. The relationships between LST and land use/cover types, LST and NDVI could be analyzed by the remote sensing and GIS technology. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Dynamics of carbon dioxide flux in a maize agroecosystem 2012, 28 (3):  49-53.  Abstract ( 1166 )   PDF (538KB) ( 2453 )   Save  CO2 flux was measured continuously by using the eddy covariance technique at Jinzhou agricultural ecosystem station in 2008, and its dynamic characteristics during the growth season (from May to October) and the non-growth season were investigated. The results show that diurnal dynamic variation of CO2 flux in the maize ecosystem is not obvious during the non-growth season, while that is significant during the growth season and varies in a “U” shape curve. The maximum value is -1.19 mg·m-2·s-1 and appears at 12:00 o’clock. The diurnal trends are also a “U” shape curve in the different phenophases. The maximum range of diurnal variation of CO2 flux is 0.07～-0.23 mg·m-2·s-1 in the different development stages. NEE is -652.8 g·m-2 and 499.8 g·m-2 during the growth season and the non-growth season in the maize agroecosystem, respectively. Carbon budget is -153.0 g·m-2 in 2008 and it means that a maize agroecosystem is the carbon sink. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Wind field simulation in an inland nuclear power plant based on a CFD model WANG Xuan 2012, 28 (3):  54-60.  Abstract ( 813 )   PDF (2265KB) ( 1089 )   Save The basic principle simulating wind field and plume drift of large scale natural draft cooling tower with a CFD software STAR-CCM+ was introduced by using an inland nuclear power plant as a case study. How to import the nuclear power plant model established by CAD software SolidWorks2010 into STAR-CCM+ was introduced, and a whole process of grid-creating and boundary setting was illustrated. The simulation value of STAR-CCM+ and the observational value of wind tunnel experiment were compared, and both were consistent. The results indicate that there is a large cavity area behind the cooling tower at the height of 5 m above the ground. The wind speed of cavity area is only 1.0-1.5 m/s, and the wind is calm in part area. Side wind speed of cooling tower is 1.66 times of inlet wind speed. At the height of 100 m above the ground, the cavity area is still obvious, while the side wind speed of cooling tower becomes steady compared with inlet wind speed. The wind disturbance phenomenon in cooling tower sides strengthens along the dominant wind direction. The maximum plume rising height of a single cooling tower reaches 690 m at the distance of 3300 m downwind, while that of four cooling towers is 850 m and it is about 1.23 times of a single cooling tower. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Environmental impact assessment of landscape visualization on a project of electric power transmission and transfer based on GIS WANG Rui ，ZAHNG Wei ，JI Lan ，LI Wei， ZHANG Yang， YU Dong-sheng ，XU Ben-liang 2012, 28 (3):  61-64.  Abstract ( 750 )   PDF (1535KB) ( 857 )   Save Geography information system (GIS) was used to build 3D visualization landscape in order to assess the influence of an electric power transmission and transfer project on the scenic spots. The relationship between the electric power transmission and transfer path and scenic spot was analyzed by GIS spatial analysis technology. Visual influence was simulated based on GIS. The results show that this method is a good way and can provide references for the assessment of the other electric power transmission and transfer project. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Discussion on current situation of meteorological observational environment and its protection measurements ZHANG Guo-hua，GUAN Yan-hua，GUO Yan-ling 2012, 28 (3):  65-70.  Abstract ( 617 )   PDF (556KB) ( 602 )   Save The accurate meteorological observational information could be obtained only through the good meteorological observational environment. The increasing of urban building areas and the field for urban construction caused by the urbanization made the meteorological observing environment destroyed frequently, and its effects on accuracy, representation and comparison of meteorological observational data were serious. Thus, it should be paid more attention to. The historical evolution and the legal basis for protecting the meteorological exploring environment were reviewed, and the current situation was analyzed by using a case study. According to the statistical data, the height of buildings around the meteorological observational sites exceeds the standard height from the law of “protection method of meteorological observational environment and equipment”, which was the main reason destroying the meteorological observational environment. The sources of reasons could be attributed to two parts, i.e. inside one and outside one. The real estate construction was rapidly expanding because of the rapid development of economy and society and the interests of the local government, and these were the outside reason. On the other hand, the construction standard of office building and the new station selection model in the meteorological departments made the selection of the new station location difficult and also made weather station moved frequently, and these were the inside reason. Some specific measurements protecting meteorological observational environment were proposed as follows: scientificity and preciseness of meteorological observational environment protection standard should be established in the meteorological department, and the protection mechanism based on classification of meteorological observational environment should be set up; protecting the meteorological observational environment by the corresponding law and adequate administrative intervention should be used; go with the trend of national socio-economic development and handle comprehensively problems of the meteorological observational environment protection; For the station that must be moved, the meteorological observational environment protection should be the first as selecting new station locations. At the same time, the various patterns may be used to the construction layout of a new station. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on SMS subscription behavior of the public for meteorological services CUI Wei-jun，GU Chun-xia，WANG Yuan 2012, 28 (3):  71-76.  Abstract ( 577 )   PDF (954KB) ( 596 )   Save With the popularity of mobile phones in China, SMS weather service has become one of the three main means in the field of weather information dissemination. Based on the survey data collected in 2009, the SMS subscription behavior of the public was analyzed by the methods of a non-parametric test, a logistic regression and a tree model. The results show that there are significantly behavioral differences among the public for SMS subscription because of differences in gender, place of residence, age, educational background and income. Whether weather service can save the cost, public income, residence, forecast accuracy and gender could significantly affect the SMS subscription behavior, and the first two factors are the most important to the subscription behavior among all factors. The probability of SMS subscription would increase 59.1% if the public think that weather service can save the cost. At the same time, the higher the public’s income is, the higher the probability of SMS subscription is. The probability of SMS subscription increases 23.1% when the monthly income increases one level (level is designed by the questionnaire). This study could provide references for increasing the SMS subscription rates and improving the effectiveness of public weather services. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study progress on PM2.5 in atmospheric environment YANG Hong-bin ，ZOU Xu-dong ，WANG Hong-yu ，LIU Yu-che 2012, 28 (3):  77-82.  Abstract ( 1020 )   PDF (497KB) ( 1335 )   Save Study progress on PM2.5  in atmospheric environment was summarized at home and abroad. Now, the urban haze weather is increasing in most cities of China, so the PM2.5 monitoring and the corresponding studies became a main focus in relevant departments in China. The current status of PM2.5 study was summarized, and some advices were brought up such as improving air quality and enhancing the corresponding studies on PM2.5 The definition of PM2.5 was introduced, and the disadvantageous effects of PM2.5 on the human health and visibility were revealed. The studies on PM2.5could be divided into three types in China, namely, analyzing the relationship between PM2.5 and meteorological conditions; discussing the characters of PM2.5 and its source; simulating the values of PM2.5 with the numerical model. The evolution of studies on PM2.5 in Shenyang region was reviewed and some measurements were suggested such as ensuring the continuous monitoring to PM2.5, adjusting the structure and the layout of industry, improving the energy efficiency, developing the clear energy, decreasing the coal consumption and controlling the automobile exhaust pollution. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the statistical method of wind direction LV Ming-hua，YAN Jiang-yu，YAO Ren-tai，LI Bin 2012, 28 (3):  83-89.  Abstract ( 1208 )   PDF (695KB) ( 2702 )   Save In nuclear safety analysis and environmental impact assessment, hourly weather data must be used. However, the calculation method and the statistic method of hourly wind direction from automatic weather stations have not been defined as normal rules in the corresponding regulations similar to “ground observational criterion” and “nuclear safety guide” in China, so the statistical method of the hourly wind direction was discussed in this paper. Four methods were often used to the calculation of average wind direction, including the methods of an arithmetic mean, a sliding average, a vector average and a highest frequency. The first two methods were modified since they produce the error when wind direction across 0° was calculated. The results indicate that the modified method for wind direction across 0° is simple and accurate. The modified arithmetic mean method is more reliable when the data 10-min ahead normal hours are used as the hourly data of wind direction. However, it is easy to produce error using this method when wind speed is zero. Thus, a vector average method is recommended when the frequency of light wind and calm is high. The hourly wind direction statistic methods from “RG1.23 guide” presented by U.S and from “nuclear safety guide” and “ground observational criterion” in China differ each other, so the results from the above methods are compared with the observational data by using the same calculation algorithm. Using the wind direction with a 10-min average and a 15-min average before normal hours or other period of time as the hourly wind direction, the consistency of correlation matrix is 97.87%; using average of each 15-min value in one hour or average of each 10-min value in one hour as the hourly wind direction, their consistency is 99.96%. The consistency between the two classification methods and the method of average of a 10-min and a 15-min in one hour is only 86.00 %. Using a 60-min average as the hourly wind direction, the consistency is the worst among all methods. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Drought tendency based on standardized precipitation index (SPI) and relative moisture index over Northeast China from May to September during 1961-2009 MA Jian-yong，XU Yin-long，PAN Jie 2012, 28 (3):  90-95.  Abstract ( 775 )   PDF (1054KB) ( 827 )   Save  Based on the monthly mean air temperature and precipitation from 71 meteorological stations in Northeast China from 1961 to 2009, the drought tendency from May to September were analyzed using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and relative moisture index. The results indicate that the drought tendency from May to September is obvious in most of Northeast China regions except in the north of Daxing’anling region, in the southwest of Heilongjiang province and in the boundary between the east of Jinlin province and Heilongjiang province. The phenomena of drought and moisture alternations exists periodic oscillations with a cycle of 22-24 years in Northeast China. There are four drought and moisture alternations in the recent 49 years, and abrupt changes appeared in 1976 and 1996. Meanwhile, drought areas in Northeast China are in an increasing trend in the recent 49 years in terms of drought ranges. Compared with the drought situation before 1996, the increasing amplitude of affected crop area for drought disaster is the largest in Jilin province after 1996, then in Liaoning province, and the smallest in Heilongjiang province. It is more realistic to use SPI and relative moisture index as the drought assessment index in Northeast China. In terms of drought frequency, the area with large values concentrates in the west of Northeast China, especially in Qiqihar and Daqing in Heilongjiang province, Baicheng in Jilin province and Chaoyang in Liaoning province. The frequency of drought and extreme drought is lower from 1981 to 1990 and higher from 2001 to 2009, and the frequency of increased amplitude of extreme drought is higher than that of the normal drought. Related Articles | Metrics