上海中心城区二氧化碳通量特征分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2020.03.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用位于上海中心城区徐家汇站的涡动相关湍流通量资料，对该区域2012年12月至2013年11月二氧化碳（CO₂）通量的时间变化、空间分布特征、年总排放量进行分析。结果表明：中心城区徐家汇为CO₂通量的源区，CO₂通量的日变化呈现与交通流量相对应的双峰现象，冬季的通量值普遍小于其他季节，尤其在早高峰时段更为明显。节假日CO₂通量的早高峰效应并不明显，其峰值明显低于工作日，且有滞后的趋势。各方向CO₂通量大小与其周边下垫面情况密切相关，夏季白天在商业建筑密集区和主要道路处，CO₂通量明显高于其他季节。上海中心城区CO₂通量的年总排放量为44.5 kg/（m²·a），高于国内外其他城市的市中心或高密度住宅区的数值，这主要和观测时段相对偏晚、植被覆盖率偏低、周边高层建筑和主干道偏多有关。

关键词: 二氧化碳通量, 中心城区, 涡动相关法

Abstract:

Based on the eddy covariance turbulent flux data for a whole year from December 2012 to November 2013 in central urban area (Xujiahui) of Shanghai, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and annual emissions were analyzed.The results show that the Xujiahui central urban area is the source of CO₂ flux.The diurnal variations of CO₂ are typically characterized by two peaks, consistent with the traffic rush hour patterns.The CO₂ flux in winter is smaller than that in the other seasons, which is more significant in morning traffic peak time.Moreover, the morning peak traffic effect in weekends is obviously less than that in weekdays, and it shows a lagging trend.The spatial variation patterns of CO₂ flux are mainly determined by the surface characteristics.Due to the large fraction of commercial buildings and major roads, the CO₂ flux in the daytime of summer is much larger than that in the other seasons.The total annual CO₂ emission from the neighborhood around the flux tower is about 44.5 kg/(m²·a), which is higher than that in other cities worldwide due to the relatively late observational period, low vegetation coverage, and the more surrounding of high-rise buildings and major roads.

Key words: Carbon dioxide flux, Central urban area, Eddy covariance

中图分类号:

P463

支星,敖翔宇. 上海中心城区二氧化碳通量特征分析[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2020, 36(3): 72-79.

Xing ZHI,Xiang-yu AO. Study of carbon dioxide flux characteristics over central urban area in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 2020, 36(3): 72-79.

图/表 11

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

表1

参考文献 26

1	陈圣劼, 尹东屏, 李玉涛, 等. 南京地区城郊降雨差异特征分析[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2016, 32 (6): 27- 33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2016.06.004
2	敖翔宇, 谈建国, 刘冬韡, 等. 一种城市地表能量平衡模式在上海的模拟评估[J]. 气象, 2017, 43 (8): 973- 986.
3	李润春, 崔建国, 牛俊玫, 等. 山西省阳泉市城市热岛效应特征分析[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2014, 30 (2): 74- 80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2014.02.010
4	中共中央,国务院.国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)[A/OL].(2014)[2020-06-25]http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content_2644805.htm.
5	Potere D , Schneider A . A critical look at representations of urban areas in global maps[J]. GeoJournal, 2007, 69 (1): 55- 80.
6	Kordowski K , Kuttler W . Carbon dioxide fluxes over an urban park area[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44 (23): 2722- 2730. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.039
7	李国栋, 史桂芬, 吴东星, 等. 黄淮海平原典型冬小麦农田生态系统能量平衡研究-以封丘地区为例[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2017, 33 (1): 93- 100. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2017.01.013
8	吕国红, 王笑影, 贾庆宇, 等. 盘锦芦苇湿地土壤热通量变化特征研究[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2018, 34 (6): 156- 160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2018.06.019
9	于贵瑞, 孙晓敏. 陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006: 391- 428.
10	Soegaard H , Møller-jensen L . Towards a spatial CO₂ budget of a metropolitan region based on textural image classification and flux measurements[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2003, 87 (2/3): 283- 294.
11	Coutts A M , Beringer J , Tapper N J . Characteristics influencing the variability of urban CO₂ fluxes in Melbourne, Australia[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41 (1): 51- 62.
12	Bergeron O , Strachan I B . CO₂ sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45 (8): 1564- 1573. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.043
13	Crawford B , Grimmond C S B , Christen A . Five years of carbon dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45 (4): 896- 905. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.017
14	Grimmond C S B , King T S , Cropley F D , et al. Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments:methodological challenges and results from Chicago[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2002, 116 (S1): S243- S254.
15	Grimmond C S B , Salmond J A , Oke T R , et al. Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built-up site in Marseille:heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109 (D24): D24101. doi: 10.1029/2004JD004936
16	Moriwaki R , Kanda M . Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide over a suburban area[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2004, 43 (11): 1700- 1710. doi: 10.1175/JAM2153.1
17	Järvi L , Nordbo A , Junninen H , et al. Seasonal and annual variation of carbon dioxide surface fluxes in Helsinki, Finland, in 2006-2010[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12 (18): 8475- 8489. doi: 10.5194/acp-12-8475-2012
18	Song T , Wang Y S . Carbon dioxide fluxes from an urban area in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2012, 106, 139- 149. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.12.001
19	Liu H Z , Feng J W , Järvi L , et al. Four-year (2006-2009) eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ flux over an urban area in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12 (17): 7881- 7892. doi: 10.5194/acp-12-7881-2012
20	窦军霞, 苗世光, 李炬, 等. 北京城市地区CO₂通量特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2014, 27 (1): 18- 27.
21	上海市统计局. 上海统计年鉴(2016):汉英对照[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2016.
22	Ao X Y , Grimmond C S B , Chang Y Y , et al. Heat, water and carbon exchanges in the tall megacity of Shanghai:Challenges and results[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 2016, 36 (14): 4608- 4624. doi: 10.1002/joc.4657
23	Schmid H P . Source Areas for Scalar and Scalar Fluxes[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1994, 67 (3): 293- 318. doi: 10.1007/BF00713146
24	Kormann R , Meixner F X . An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2001, 99 (2): 207- 224. doi: 10.1023/A:1018991015119
25	Ao X Y , Grimmond C S B , Liu D W , et al. Radiation fluxes in a business District of Shanghai, China[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2016, 55 (11): 2451- 2468. doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0082.1
26	Helfter C , Famulari D , Phillips G J , et al. Controls of carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes above central London[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 55 (11): 1913- 1928.

城市	观测点属性	植被覆盖率/(%)	观测时段	观测高度/m	CO₂年总排放量/(kg/(m²·a))	数据来源
哥本哈根	市中心	/	2001—2002	40	12.8	Soegaard和Møller-jensen，2003^[10]
东京	住宅区	20.6	2001.5—2002.4	29	11.7	Moriwaki和Kanda，2004^[16]
伦敦	市中心	8	2006.10—2008.5	190	35.5	Helfter et al.，2011^[26]
北京	高密度住宅区	15	2006—2009	47	18	Liu et al.，2012^[19]
蒙特利尔	市中心	29	2007.11—2008.10	25	20.4	Bergeron和Strachan，2011^[12]
北京	高密度住宅区	23	2008.1—2008.12	47	20.6	Song和Wang，2012^[18]
北京	高密度住宅区	12	2009.6—2011.12	140	30	窦军霞等，2014^[20]
上海	市中心	14	2012.12—2013.11	80	44.5	本研究

[1]	杨智,刘劲松,孙绩华. 大理近地层山谷盆地湖陆风及湍流特征分析[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2008, 24(5): 32-37.
[2]	何奇瑾,周广胜,周莉,王云龙. 盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2006, 22(4): 35-41.