Abstract: To clarify the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving factors of vegetation productivity in Ningxia since 2000, this study utilizes MODIS Net Primary Productivity (NPP) data (MOD17A3HGF), Sen′s slope, Mann-Kendall trend test, and Hurst index to investigate the changes in NPP from 2000 to 2020. Employing the geographical detector, the study examines the influence of ten factors including meteorological conditions, topography, and socio-economic aspects on the spatial differentiation of vegetation NPP in Ningxia. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the spatial distribution of vegetation NPP in Ningxia was high in the north and south and low in the middle, with an NPP growth rate of 52.8 gC·m·(10 a^-1), and significant increases observed in 91.4% of the region. The average Hurst index is 0.447, suggesting a weak anti-persistence in future NPP, indicating a slight decreasing trend. Meteorological conditions are identified as the primary factor influencing the spatial differentiation of vegetation NPP in Ningxia, while the impact of socio-economic factors is not significant.