Fig.1

Location of central urban area of Tianjin"

Fig.2

Variation of hourly precipitation of nine precipitation probability patterns with 6-h (a), 12-h (b), and 24-h (c) duration in 2-a return period from 1961 to 2014 in Tianjin"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of deviation between the observation point and the center point of model grid"

Fig.4

Cumulative precipitation in the model area of Tianjin from 00:00 to 15:00 on July 24, 2018 (a), from 00:00 to 12:00 on July 23, 2019 (b), and from 18:00 on August 1 to 15:00 on August 2, 2019 (c)"

Fig.5

Comparison of auto-measured and simulated water depth from 00:00 to 15:00 on July 24, 2018 (a), from 00:00 to 12:00 on July 23, 2019 (b), and from 18:00 on August 1 to 15:00 on August 2, 2019 (c)"

Fig.6

Scatter plots of observed and simulated water depths of three precipitation events in Tianjin from 2018 to 2019"

Fig.7

Variation of the simulated peak value of the total accumulated water in three precipitation probability patterns with 6-h (a), 12-h (b), and 24-h (c) duration during three precipitation events in Tianjin from 2018 to 2019"

Fig.8

Variation of simulated precipitation and total accumulated water in three precipitation probability patterns with 6-h (a) and 24-h (b) duration in 2-a return period, 6-h (c) and 24-h (d) in 10-a return period, and 6-h (e) and 24-h (f) in 100-a return period during three precipitation events from 2018 to 2019 in Tianjin"

Table 1

Classification of urban waterlogging risk levels"

Table 2

Comparison of simulated values of moderate and above-risk waterlogging areas under three precipitation probability patterns with different return periods and different durations in Tianjin from 2018 to 2019"